Academic year

An academic year or school year is a period of time which schools, colleges and universities use to measure a quantity of study.

School holiday


School holidays (also referred to as vacations, breaks, and recess) are the periods during which schools are closed or no classes or other mandatory activities are held. The dates and periods of school holidays vary considerably throughout the world, and there is usually some variation even within the same jurisdiction. Governments often legislate on the total number of school days for state schools. The holidays given below apply to primary and secondary education. Teaching sessions (terms or semesters) in tertiary education are usually shorter.

Winter break (Northern Hemisphere)
In predominantly Christian countries, the "Christmas holidays" (or "winter break" or "winter recess" in some countries) include both the Christmas and New Year holidays. They normally last for about 1–3 weeks. However, the Christmas holiday in Europe is shorter, sometimes two weeks or slightly less. In the southern hemisphere, Christmas is in the summer holiday period and the break is much longer (six to eight weeks).

Spring break/Easter (Both hemispheres)
In countries with a Christian religious tradition, Easter holiday (in the United States it is sometimes known as Spring Break or Spring Vacation) is a school holiday that takes place in the northern spring, with the date varying by country and level of schooling.

Summer break (Both hemispheres)
In most countries, the longest break in the school year is during summer, lasting between 5 and 14 weeks. In Ireland, Italy, Lithuania and Russia, summer holidays are normally three months, compared to six to eight weeks in Britain, The Netherlands and Germany.

Common practices and effects
Summer holidays for most children are a time to relax, enjoy themselves, and catch up on studies, or to spend time with family or relatives. Many families travel together on school holidays.

School holidays have many effects on a country, ranging from the price of travel and holiday accommodation, which increase as demand increases while children are off school, to a change in crime rate: Example UK crime rate monthly figures. Traffic congestion and heavy passenger loads on public transport on school run routes may be worse on school days during term time. The number of families taking holidays away from urban areas can reduce traffic and use of public transport in cities while loading long-distance highways and means of transport.

In some countries, i.e. Netherlands, where many families travel to their holiday destinations, the start and end dates of school holidays in different regions are staggered to reduce the heavy traffic and pressure on means of transport that would otherwise occur on these dates.

Nigeria
In Nigeria, the longest holiday is from Mid July to second week of September for Secondary schools and a longer duration within same period for tertiary institutions. Holidays are basically determined by schools and it starts from June to Early days in September.

South Africa
In South Africa, the main holiday usually lasts from early December to early or mid-January (4 or 6 weeks). There is an autumn break of up to 2-week in late March or early April, a longer winter break in late June and early July, and a spring break in late September or early October. 

Brazil
In Brazil, summer holidays start in early December and end in late January or early February. Winter holidays are generally the entire month of July. Some schools in the tropical north follow a different school year. The Brazilian Carnival is 40 days before Easter Sunday and those dates are not school holidays. Brazilian schools must have at least 200 school days. Some national and Catholic holidays are usually celebrated in 3 or 4 days, like Easter, Corpus Christi and Carnival.

Canada
In Canada, the summer holiday includes the months of July and August, with students returning to school in late August or early September. The winter break lasts for two weeks (sometimes a day or two longer), beginning on Saturday and encompassing Christmas Day and New Year's Day. The spring break is one to two weeks long depending on the city or province. Good Friday and Easter may or may not fall within spring break. In Ontario, Canada's largest province, spring break is a four-day-long weekend between Good Friday and Easter Monday.

Chile
The school year is divided into semesters. The first semester runs from late February or early March to July. Following a two-week or three-week winter break school resumes and lasts until early or mid December, followed by 10–12 weeks of summer vacations. In addition, schools have a one-week-long break for National Holidays in mid-September. Being located in the Southern Hemisphere, Spring begins approximately at the end of this holiday week so it acts similarly to the American Spring break.

Mexico
In Mexico, school usually ends in the second week of July and resumes the third week of August depending on what scheduling system a school uses, and whether it is high school or college. Christmas holiday is 2 weeks. Also there is the Easter recess which lasts 2 weeks.

United States
In the United States, there are typically 180 school days in a year (although school years at colleges and universities are often shorter). Private schools tend to have classes for 170 days each year.

Event-based

 * Thanksgiving Holiday or Break – Occurs at the end of November. This holiday usually consists of the week of Thanksgiving – the day before Thanksgiving, Thanksgiving Day, and the day after. Some areas have the Monday and Tuesday of the Thanksgiving week as regular days and take Wednesday as an early dismissal day; with Thanksgiving and the day after off. Other schools take the whole week off and have an early release on the Friday before the break.
 * Christmas or Holiday Break – Varies in length per school; usually starts at the third Saturday in December and ends a day or two after New Year's Day (sometimes the first Monday after the New Year's Day), unless New Year's Day falls on a Sunday in which case the first Monday (January 2) is the official holiday and schools may not begin until January 3; the most recent occurrence of this was in the 2016–17 holiday break when January 1, 2017, fell on a Sunday.
 * Martin Luther King Day Break – Martin Luther King Day is always on the third Monday of January each year. Some students have a full or half-day Friday and have the weekend, Martin Luther King day, and sometimes Monday and Tuesday off.
 * Easter Break – Usually lasts for one or two weeks in March or April (often starting the day before Palm Sunday). Also referred to as Spring Break.
 * Columbus Day Break – Columbus Day is always the second Monday in October. Many schools take a week off, though some areas only take Columbus Day itself off.  In some states, however, Columbus Day is not observed as a school holiday at all.

Season-based
It is often believed that when the United States was a primarily agrarian society, children were needed during the Northern Hemisphere summer months for farm labor.

However, there is little evidence supporting this, with 19th-century rural schools more typically favoring a summer academic term and more vacation time during spring and autumn.

Summer is still a popular time for family vacations, and most have a 2 or 3-month summer vacation. The academic year typically runs from late August or early September until May or June, depending on the length of the year and number of the holiday, vacation, and snow days occurring during the year. The year is divided into two semesters, three trimesters or four quarters, typically with a report card issued to students' parents at the end of each.

An academic year typically includes a fall and spring semester, with a shorter optional summer session. Many also have a short optional winter session. Some operate on a trimester calendar.

Continuing education classes (often available at community colleges and private "boot camp" style schools) are often shorter and start throughout the year with no particular seasonality.


 * Autumn or Fall Break – Usually lasts for one week in October (in the week of Columbus Day). See Columbus Day above.
 * Winter Break – One week in February (usually at or around President's Day) or March (depending on the region).
 * Spring Vacation or Break – See Easter Break above.
 * Summer Vacation or Break – Lasts for about 12 weeks, starting anywhere from late May to late June, and ending anywhere from late August to the day after Labor Day in early September. This often depends on the region – for example, most schools in the Northeastern United States end in June and start just after Labor Day, while the majority of schools in the Southern U.S. have schools end in May and start again in August.
 * Teacher's Day off – Exists in some school districts, being two to three days at any time in school calendar
 * Inservice day(s) – Scheduled breaks for teachers to participate in in-season training or discussions, or to attend the state or national conventions held by a teacher's union.
 * All federal and state holidays – That includes religious holidays, such as Good Friday; and sometimes Jewish and Islamic holidays, depending on school demographic.
 * Severe weather – (e.g. a winter storm or a hurricane) – Usually is one or two days because of such an event, but can last anywhere up to a full week.

Note: Often in Charter Schools breaks are shorter due to the extended number of days students spend in school (200 days vs. 180 days for standard public schools).

College breaks

Colleges and universities vary widely. Some closely follow the K-12 break schedule, others have the same but longer breaks to accommodate students who live farther away and wish to return home for holidays. Most colleges and universities have the following breaks/holidays:


 * Thanksgiving Holiday – End of November (The week of Thanksgiving – 3 days before Thanksgiving, Thanksgiving Day, and the day after – the Friday before the break is considered a half-day).
 * Christmas/Holiday Break – mid-December to late January
 * Spring Break – a week in March or April (usually starting on Good Friday)
 * Summer Break – Early/mid May to between late August and the day after Labor Day in September
 * Snow Days (In regions where it snows in winter) – usually a few days up to a full week, and no days to make up.

Most colleges and university years are divided into two semesters. The first starting from day after Labor Day in early September until mid-December, and the second lasting from the end of January until early May. Winter and summer classes could be taken in between the breaks.

Trip Advisor provides a summary of key holidays.

Duration
Public elementary and secondary schools averaged (at the state level) between 170 and 180 school days in the 2007-08 academic year. Different states have different legal minimum requirements for instructional days and hours per year.

China
Summer holidays usually last from early July to end of August. The winter holiday usually lasts 1 month, and its time varies depending on the date of the Chinese New Year.

Hong Kong, China
In Hong Kong summer holidays last from mid-July to the end of August. Christmas, Lunar New Year and Easter holidays last usually for one and a half weeks.

South India
In South India, summer vacations last from the end of March to the beginning of June.

The Diwali break begins in either October or November, depending on the month Diwali occurs in that year. It lasts for about 1 week. Christmas break starts on the last week of December (22nd or 23rd) and ends on the first week of January (5th).

In Tamil Nadu, one day leave is given for Deepavali. Tamil Nadu celebrates Pongal festival(Thai Pongal): It is a four-day festival which, according to the Tamil calendar, is usually celebrated from January 14 to January 17.

North India
In north India, the typical summer vacation runs from mid May to the end of June, school starting from July 1 usually.

Dusherra break is for usually for 10 days, and dusherra lies in the middle.

Christmas holidays are not usually given, however, some schools combine the Christmas holidays with the winter break. Schools in Uttar Pradesh give a holiday on Charan Singh's birth anniversary, and that's when the winter break starts for some. For some other schools the winter break starts on 28 December, and usually ends on the second weekend of the new year.

Schools are off for two weeks after their academic year ends(contrary to the summer vacations between two academic years in the south.) The new academic year starts on 1 April.

Most of India
There are many public holidays in India, depending on the region. Muslim holidays like Eid are enjoyed throughout the country by students of all religions.

Certain Holidays and mandated across the Nation.

January 26 : Republic Day

August 15 : Independence Day

October 2 : Gandhi Jayanti (Birthday of Mahatma Gandhi )

UAE (United Arab Emirates)
Main Holidays


 * Summer Break: Summer holiday is usually from the end of June to the first of week of September
 * Winter Break: The winter break usually lasts from the end of December to the first week of January which also includes the new year's holiday
 * New semester : This break is given according to the board of the school like as in schools with an ICSE Board have a holiday in the first or the first two week(s) of April while in CBSE it happens in another time of the year likely after the summer break

Other Islamic occasions are celebrated by a holiday or a small break like the Eid break

Indian festivals like Diwali are also given a holiday or two

This information is relevant as of 2019

Pakistan
Holidays and Observances in Pakistan in 2019 Date	 	Name	Type 1 Jan	Tuesday	New Year's Day	Optional Holiday 1 Jan	Tuesday	January 1 Bank Holiday	Bank Holiday 5 Feb	Tuesday	Kashmir Day	Public Holiday 10 Feb	Sunday	Basant Panchami	Optional Holiday 4 Mar	Monday	Maha Shivaratri	Hindu Holiday 21 Mar	Thursday	March Equinox	Season 21 Mar	Thursday	Holi	Optional Holiday 21 Mar	Thursday	Dulhandi	Optional Holiday 23 Mar	Saturday	Pakistan Day	Public Holiday 3 Apr	Wednesday	Shab e-Meraj	Optional Holiday 14 Apr	Sunday	Baisakhi	Optional Holiday 19 Apr	Friday	Good Friday	Optional Holiday 20 Apr	Saturday	Shab e-Barat	Optional Holiday 21 Apr	Sunday	Easter Sunday	Optional Holiday 21 Apr	Sunday	Ridván	Optional Holiday 22 Apr	Monday	Easter Monday	Optional Holiday 1 May	Wednesday	Labour Day	Public Holiday 7 May	Tuesday	May 7 Bank Holiday	Bank Holiday 18 May	Saturday	Buddha Purnima	Optional Holiday 5 Jun	Wednesday	Eid-ul-Fitr Day 1	Public Holiday 6 Jun	Thursday	Eid-ul-Fitr Day 2	Public Holiday 7 Jun	Friday	Eid-ul-Fitr Day 3	Public Holiday 21 Jun	Friday	June Solstice	Season 1 Jul	Monday	July 1 Bank Holiday	Bank Holiday 12 Aug	Monday	Eid al-Adha Day 1	Public Holiday 13 Aug	Tuesday	Eid al-Adha Day 2	Public Holiday 14 Aug	Wednesday	Independence Day	Public Holiday 14 Aug	Wednesday	Eid al-Adha Day 3	Public Holiday 15 Aug	Thursday	Raksha Bandhan	Hindu Holiday 17 Aug	Saturday	Nauroz	Optional Holiday 22 Aug	Thursday	Birthday of Lord Zoroaster (Khordad Sal)	Optional Holiday 24 Aug	Saturday	Janmashtami	Optional Holiday 2 Sep	Monday	Ganesh Chaturthi	Hindu Holiday 6 Sep	Friday	Defence Day	Observance 9 Sep	Monday	First Day of Ashura	Public Holiday 10 Sep	Tuesday	Second Day of Ashura	Public Holiday 23 Sep	Monday	September Equinox	Season 29 Sep	Sunday	First Day of Navaratri	Hindu Holiday 6 Oct	Sunday	Durga Pooja	Optional Holiday 8 Oct	Tuesday	Dussehra	Optional Holiday 13 Oct	Sunday	Birthday of Guru Balmik Sawami Ji	Optional Holiday 20 Oct	Sunday	Chelum	Optional Holiday 27 Oct	Sunday	Diwali/Deepavali	Optional Holiday 9 Nov	Saturday	Iqbal Day	Observance 10 Nov	Sunday	Eid Milad un-Nabi	Public Holiday 12 Nov	Tuesday	Guru Nanak's Birthday	Optional Holiday 9 Dec	Monday	Giarhwin Sharief	Optional Holiday 22 Dec	Sunday	December Solstice	Season 24 Dec	Tuesday	Christmas Eve	Observance 25 Dec	Wednesday	Christmas Day	Public Holiday 25 Dec	Wednesday	Quaid-e-Azam Day	Public Holiday 26 Dec	Thursday	Day After Christmas	Public Holiday 31 Dec	Tuesday	New Year's Eve	Observance

Indonesia
In Indonesia, there are three main school holidays:
 * New school year holiday – known as libur kenaikan kelas (up-grading holiday), usually takes place for 2–3 weeks between late June and early July. Dates are vary, depending on each province/region. The holiday starts from Monday in the first week to Saturday in the last week.
 * Mid-term holiday, aims to separate the two semesters. It takes place for two weeks between late December and early January, coinciding with Christmas and New Year holidays. The starting and ending day are just like the new school year holiday.
 * Eid al-Fitr holiday (or lebaran holiday), lasts for around two weeks. Date varies according to the Islamic calendar.
 * Fasting Holiday / Ramadhan Holiday (or puasa holiday), about 1 month. Date varies according to Islamic Calendar. This break mostly combined with the Eid al-Fitr holiday. Sometimes it can be 2 month holiday. School usually start at the first Monday in the new month. Its even can be up to 3–4 month holiday if new school year holiday (libur kenaikan kelas) happen before or at the month of Ramadhan, But, if Christmas happen after Eid al-Fitr, the school will start in the new year (some province, Maluku, etc.). The school will start at Monday. On the first meeting, student and teacher will say sorry to each other and shake hand each other, known as "Halal Bihalal" it tooks about 3 day, and after Halal Bihalal, parents will receive "rapot" or a reports book show student achievement for 1-year study.

Beside the main holidays, there are many small holidays which takes place for 1–2 days, such as the Independence Day, religious breaks, and Teacher's Day.

Japan
In Japan, school holidays take place from late March to early April, from the late July until early September, and over the Christmas and New Year period from December 24 to January 7. Additionally there is a full holiday week in May called "Golden Week."

Korea
Summer vacations and winter vacations are usually similar in length, lasting about 1 month each. There is also spring vacation which lasts about 2 weeks. In addition, there are a couple of 3–5 day long holidays per year, including "Chuseok" which is in fall and "Seolnal" which is in late winter.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, there are 2 main semester holiday and an additional of mid-term break and year end holiday. The mid-year holidays last for two weeks, from late May until mid-June, in between the two school terms. The year-end holidays last for six weeks, from mid-November until early January, in between two school years. Each school term has a mid-term break; one week in March for the first semester and one week in the months of August or September (variable) for the second semester.

Schools are closed on national and state public holidays. Schools are allowed to have a few special holidays without replacement for events such as school anniversary and sports day. For festivities such as Hari Raya Puasa, Chinese New Year and Deepavali, schools usually apply for additional holidays to allow longer breaks for students to visit relatives in their hometowns. However, every day missed exceeding the special holiday allowance would be replaced by having classes on weekends.

Philippines
In the Philippines, summer break starts from the late March to early June, semestral break starts from late October to early November, and Christmas break starts from mid December to early January. Event-based holidays are declared by the President (for national holidays) and the provincial governor or city mayor for local holidays through the Department of Education (DepEd) for Basic Education and Commission on Higher Education (CHED) for Colleges.

Singapore
In Singapore, there are four school terms. Terms 1 and 2 are referred to as Semester 1, as terms 3 and 4 are referred to as Semester 2. Each term consists of ten school weeks. Term 1 starts the day immediately after New Year's Day. If the first school day is a Thursday or a Friday, it is not counted as a school week. After term 1, there is a break of a week, called the March Holidays. Thereafter, term 2 commences and is followed by a break of four weeks, the June Holidays. It is followed by term 3, after which there will be another break of one week, the September Holidays. Then, term 4 would start, and after it there is the December holidays, which would be either five or six weeks long, depending on whether the first week of the year was counted as a school week. Students are also given days off on public holidays, as well as Children's Day, Youth's Day, Teacher's Day and the day after National Day.

Turkey
Winter holidays last from late January to early February (2 weeks). Summer holidays last from early June to mid September (14 weeks).
 * January 1 – New Year
 * April 23 – National Sovereignty and Children's Day
 * May 1 – Labour and Solidarity Day
 * May 19 – Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day
 * August 30 – Victory Day
 * October 29 – Republic Day

There are Ramadan Feast (3 days) and Sacrifice Feast (4 days) holidays, but dates of these holidays changing every year because Ramadan & Sacrifice Feasts are calculated according to Muslim calendar. If these feasts are at the middle of the week, then the break becomes a full week break with the Arefe (the day before the feast) day.

Australia and New Zealand
In Australia and New Zealand, academic years for primary and secondary institutions are divided into two semesters, with each semester being further divided into two terms (thus totaling four terms per year). Although historically the year was divided into three terms with an extended Easter break interrupting the first term, the year has been divided into four terms since the late 1980s (with the exception of the Australian state of Tasmania which did not change until 2013).

Following southern hemisphere seasons, the main summer holiday between academic years encompasses most of December, all of January and sometimes a few days at the beginning of February, and always encompasses Christmas and New Year as well as Australia Day on 26 January. In year 12, however, the term ends in November; for those who go on to university, the term starts in March. New Zealand celebrates Waitangi Day on 6 February; the summer holidays in New Zealand may or may not extend as far as that day, depending on the year. There is typically a break of two weeks mid-semester (i.e. after Term 1 and after Term 3) and a break of three weeks in the middle of the year, although this can vary between jurisdictions. In the year 2000, due to the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, the state of New South Wales extended the break after Term 3 to three weeks, compensating by reducing the break in the middle of the year to two weeks.

Historically, the Term 1 holiday have been scheduled around Easter, reflecting the three-term system's notion of an extended Easter break within Term 1; although since the mid-1990s this has gradually changed, and now only Queensland and Victoria tie the school holidays closely to Easter; the remainder of Australia and all of New Zealand now have a fixed length to Term 1 which leads to the Easter period falling within Term 1 in some years with an early Easter, such as 2016.

Typically, the Term 1 holidays will run for two weeks within April; the mid-year holidays encompass the last week of June and the first two weeks of July; and the Term 3 holidays encompass the last week of September and the first week of October. This varies between jurisdictions, and exact dates depend on what day of the week these respective months begin, as (with the exception of the beginning and end of the academic year), terms tend to begin and end with full weeks.

Austria
In Austria, the summer holidays are usually between early July and early September. There is, with the exception of Vorarlberg and Salzburg, no Autumn break but there is a Christmas break (from December 24 until January 6) and an Easter break (lasts for 10 days). The mid-term break in February lasts for a week and the Whitsun break lasts for 4 days including the weekend. There are also days off during religious holidays (Assumption, Ascension, Corpus Christi etc.).

Belgium
For primary schools, the academic year in Belgium begins on the first weekday in September and ends on the last weekday in June, with the summer holiday comprising the entire months of July and August. Secondary schools and universities often close about a week earlier, as soon as school results have been processed and published. A week of autumn break is usually scheduled during the week of All Saints’ Day (November 1). The winter- or Christmas holiday lasts two weeks and encompasses both Christmas and New Year's Day. The dates for both the one-week spring break and the two-week Easter holiday vary. In catholic regions where carnival is celebrated, spring break usually takes place during the carnival week. To get al balance in school days between spring break and summer holiday, the two weeks of Easter holiday can take place with Easter both at the beginning, the middle or the end of the holiday period. In some cases, when Easter is at the complete end of the holiday, Easter Monday serves as an additional day off.

Croatia
In Croatia, there are three breaks throughout the school year at public schools. Other free days include public holidays and local patron saint days.
 * Summer break runs from mid-June to early September.
 * Winter (Christmas) break starts several days before December 25 and ends after January 6.
 * Spring (Easter) break lasts about 10 days.

Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, the summer holidays begin at the end of the school year around 30.June and end at the start of the school year on September 1 or soon thereafter. Then there are autumn holidays: two days plus 28.October (the date of the proclamation of Czechoslovakia). The winter (Christmas) holidays last usually from 22.December to 3.January. There is also a one-day half term holiday on 31.January. The spring holidays are a week long and may occur in February or March, depending on the region, sometimes they continue with Easter holidays (Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Easter Monday). There are also free days such as 1.May (International Workers' Day), 8.May (end od World war two) and 28.September (The assassination of St. Wenceslas - the duke and the patron saint of the Czech lands). The school director is authorised to add up to three more free days during the school year. The school holidays are determined by the Ministry of Schools for each school year and are valid for every basic and high school.

Denmark
In Denmark the summer holiday lasts 6–7 weeks. Most schools also have one week of winter holiday and one week of autumn holiday, usually in February and October respectively. Finally, the schools are closed from just before Christmas until just after New Year.

Estonia
In Estonia, summer holidays last for three months from June to August. Christmas holidays last for two weeks, autumn and spring holidays are each one week. In 2016, the Estonian Ministry of Education decided to add a new holiday, starting from 2017, to balance the learning weeks. There are going to be 5 holidays: Autumn holiday (21- 29 October), Winter Holiday (23 December- 7 January), a new holiday (24 February- 4 March), Spring holiday (21 April- 1 May) and Summer holiday (12 June- 31 August). Summer break starts 1 week later.

France
French school holidays are scheduled each year by the Ministry of Education. This can lead to overcrowding in tourist resorts such as the Mediterranean coast and the ski resorts.

To alleviate this problem, the holiday schedules are staggered by dividing the country into three zones. Despite these measures, the synchronized school holiday schedules still cause some crowding effects, as families head to popular holiday locations all at the same time. This can result in price increases and availability problems in some locations during the school holiday periods. Holidays are divided into three separate zones except for the first two holidays: All Saints and the Christmas / New Year.

Germany
In Germany, ~75 week days of the year are school-free days. The exact dates are chosen by each of the 16 states, often in consultation with each other for reasons of planning and traffic management. The usual holiday blocks are: New Year (~2 weeks), Easter (~2 weeks), Summer (6 weeks), Autumn (2 weeks). Depending on the state, further holidays can be around Pentecost or in winter between the first and the second half of the school year.

Greece
In Greece, there are three breaks throughout the school year at public schools.
 * Summer holidays run from June to September. Holidays begin between June 10 and 20, and end around September 11.
 * Christmas holidays begin around December 23 and end around January 8 (about 2 weeks).
 * Easter holidays last 2 weeks from Lazarus Saturday to Thomas Sunday (according to the Orthodox calculations)
 * There are also two 1-day national holidays: October 28 and March 25

Ireland
The dates for the start and the end of the school year at both primary and post-primary level are not fixed, but mid-year breaks are standardised. Due to the start of certificate exams, post-primary schools are usually not open for tuition after the Friday before the June public holiday (the first Monday in June) in any year. The school year generally starts in the week in which September 1 falls, with a minimum of 183 teaching days in primary schools but only 167 days in secondary schools.

There are mid-term breaks in October and February, which last one week. There are two-week breaks at Christmas/New Year as well as at Easter. Summer holidays start around the last week of May or the first week of June for secondary schools, or the end of June for primary education, and end around the last week in August or the first week in September. The Junior Certificate and Leaving Certificate exams start on the first Wednesday in June, and last for two and a half weeks, intruding on students' summer holidays.

Italy
In Italy, most school holidays are determined by the Ministry of Education, University and Research, and are valid for all public schools of every order and grade. There are summer holidays from mid June up to the second week of September, except for students taking final exams in Middle and Superior schools, as those exams can go on until mid July. Christmas holidays start on December 23 and end on the first or second working day after January 6;the summer holidays in Italy about 12 weeks, other holidays include one week around Easter as well as one day on December 8 (Feast of the Immaculate Conception), two days for October 31 and November 1 (All Saints), the national holidays of April 25 (Liberation day) and June 2 (Republic Day), as well as the Workers' Day (May 1). Locally, school authorities have freedom upon the establishment of the lessons calendar to grant further vacation days on important local festivals (e.g. the local Patron saint day).

Latvia
In Latvia, summer holidays last for three months from June to August. Christmas holidays last for two weeks, autumn and spring holidays are each one week.

Lithuania
In Lithuania summer holiday for 9th and 11th grade begins a few days later than 10th and 12th grade students. This is due to exams for those grades. In the past, upper level Lithuanian students had around 70 days of holiday. However, now the holiday lasts almost three months.

The Netherlands
In the Netherlands, summer holidays last for six weeks for all Schools. The country is divided into three regions which start their summer holidays one week after another. Summer holidays usually start in mid-July and end in late August. Dutch elementary and high school students also have a one-week autumn holiday in mid October, two weeks of Christmas holidays, usually the last two weeks of December, as well as one week "crocus/spring holidays" in February (for the south during Carnaval), and "May holidays", which last one or two week(s) for high schools and for elementary schools (This may differ from school to school). May holidays span a period of national holidays such as King's Day (former Queen's Day) (April 27), Remembrance of the Dead (May 4) and Liberation Day (May 5) and sometimes include Ascension Day and Pentecost.

North Macedonia
In North Macedonia, there are two breaks throughout the school year at public schools. Other free days include the public holidays and local or School patron days.
 * Summer break usually runs from June 10 to September 1.
 * Winter (Christmas) break starts after New Year's Eve (January 1) and ends usually after January 20.

Norway
In Norway, school holidays vary by region. Generally, the school year starts around the third week of August. Most regions have a week off at the beginning of October (weeks 40 or 41). Christmas holidays start some days before Christmas Eve and end in the first week of January. There is one week of winter vacation in late February (weeks 8 or 9). Easter holiday is from Palm Sunday to Easter Monday or a day or two later, and Summer holidays begin some days before midsummer.

Poland
All public schools have the following breaks/holidays:


 * November 1 – All Saints Day, 1 day break
 * November 11 – Independence Day, 1 day break
 * January 6 – the Epiphany, 1 day break
 * Christmas Break – Christmas Eve or the weekend before the first day of the school week after New Year's Day
 * Winter Break – two weeks in January or February (depending on region)
 * Easter Break – Maundy Thursday to the Tuesday after Easter Monday
 * May Break – May 1 (Labor Day), May 2 (Polish Flag Day) and May 3 (Constitution of May 3)
 * Corpus Christi – four days in May or June (depending on the year)
 *  Summer Break – first Saturday after June 20 to the end of August or early September (first school week day in September unless it falls on a Friday)

Romania
Summer holidays run from Late May-mid June to early-mid September and are around 13–15 weeks long. Spring break – one to two weeks between late march and early may depending on the date of Easter. . Winter break is three weeks long ( it starts in the third or fourth week of December and it ends on the second or third Monday of January).

There is a break in Late January-early February between the first and the second semester – one week long.

Fall Break (just for the primary school) – one week in late October to early November.

Russian Federation
All public schools have the following holidays:


 * Winter Break – two weeks in January
 * Spring Break – one week in April
 * Fall Break – one week in November
 * Summer Break – from May 25 to September 1
 * February 23 – Men's Day or Defender's Day
 * March 8 – International Women's Day
 * May 1 – Spring and Labour Day
 * May 9 – Victory Day
 * November 4 – Day of the National Unity

Slovakia
In Slovakia, summer holidays begin at the end of the school year on June 30 and end at the start of the school year on September 1. The autumn holidays are at the end of October. The winter (Christmas) holidays usually last from December 23 to January 7. There is also a one-day half term holiday on January 31. The spring holidays are a week long and may be in February or March, depending on the region. Next are the Easter holidays (Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Easter Monday). There are also free days such as May 1, May 8, September 1, September 15, and November 17. The school director is authorized to add up to three more free days during the school year. The school holidays are determined by the Ministry of Schools and are valid for every basic and high school.

Slovenia
In Slovenia, summer holidays begin on June 24 (June 25 is National day, which is also a public holiday) and end on September 1. Other holidays are usually one week long, they expand if national holidays fall on the work days. The Autumn holidays ("Krompirjeve počitnice" – "Potato holidays") begin around October 31, which is Reformation day and November 1 which is called "All Saints' Day". The New Year holidays usually start around Christmas and last until January 2. In the middle of February there are winter holidays, which are divided into two parts. In each part there are other Slovenian students who have holidays. The second part of the winter holiday usually ends at the end of February. The shortest holidays are First May holidays, and as their name suggests they begin on around May 1 (usually on April 27, which is Uprising Against the Occupation Day, which is also a national holiday) and last until May 2, which is also a national holiday. There are also free days such as February 8 (Slovenian cultural festival – Prešeren Day) and Easter Monday, and other national holidays like August 15 (Feast of the Assumption) fall on school holidays and are more important to adults. Students from the last year of Primary and Secondary schools usually start summer holidays one week earlier due to the final exams. These holidays are valid for Primary and Secondary schools only and are determined by the Ministry of Schools. University students, however, have summer holidays until October 1, however the exams from spring examination period can be after 25 June and the summer examination period starts in September. Usually students have only one other holiday and that is the New Year holiday but it depends on every single college which days will be free for students. For example, in 2015, most university students also had First May holidays. Short holidays usually begin after exams and depend on how good students are at their exams or how many exams they have taken for each term. Most of the time, university students have holidays on national holidays.

Sweden
In Sweden, the school year starts around mid or late August (September 1 at the universities). The week before All Saint's Day (taken as a Saturday around November 2) primary and secondary school students have an autumn holiday. Christmas holiday starts around December 19–20, depending on the day of the week on which Christmas Eve occurs. It usually ends some days after January 6, which is also a public holiday) In the 8th–10th weeks after New Year, primary and secondary school students have one week of winter vacation; the exact week varies by location. Easter public holidays last four days from Friday to Monday. Easter school holidays are either the week preceding Easter or the week immediately following, depending on location. Primary and secondary school summer holidays last about ten weeks, starting in the second week of June.

United Kingdom
School holidays in the United Kingdom follow a standard pattern, with a school year of 190 days of teaching, beginning with the Autumn Term, but the exact timing varies between countries and counties. Local authorities set term dates which apply to all Community, Voluntary Controlled, Community Special Schools and Maintained Nursery Schools. Academies, Free schools, Voluntary Aided schools and Foundation schools are able to choose their own dates but many follow the same dates as the Local Authority. Although these schools can set their own term dates, they are still required to open for the same length of time. Independent private schools tend to set longer holidays than state schools.

In Britain, an academic year usually runs from September of one year through to late July of the following year, with the time split up into three terms. Each of these is usually divided into halves with a week-long 'half-term' break between. Primary (1-11) and secondary (11-16) schools usually follow a 39-week academic year, while further (16+) and higher (18+) educational establishments often have 36 or 33-week terms, generally with no half-term break. Oxford and Cambridge have shorter terms still, usually 8 weeks each term.

For English state schools, the year commences in the first week of September with a half-term break (1 week) at the end of October, and the term ends shortly before Christmas. After a two-week holiday encompassing New Year, the second term stretches to Easter and is of variable length to allow for that movable feast. It has a half-term break around mid-February. There are two weeks of Easter holiday, then the final term starts and lasts until the third week of July. The half-term break is at the end of May and students with exams will often finish their studies at that break and take exams during June and July.

The summer break lasts for approx 6 weeks and was designed originally to allow children to help with the harvest. In Scotland, the summer break is earlier because of the different day lengths and agricultural practices.

Private (public) schools may follow different terms, and some self-governing academies follow different termly structures.

England and Wales
Summer holidays in State schools are usually between five and seven weeks long, starting in mid-late July and ending in early September. Schools have Christmas and Easter holidays, each usually lasting about two weeks. The school year is split up into three sections: Autumn term (between Summer and Christmas); Spring term (between Christmas and Easter); and Summer term (between Easter and the Summer holiday). Roughly half-way through each term, pupils will get one week off school, known as half-term. Half term often falls the week of Halloween and close to Firework Night (however this has not been the case of late) in the Autumn term, the February half term tends to also fall the week of Valentine's Day, also half term in the Summer term tends to be at the end of May with students returning the first Monday of June.

Independent schools often have longer holidays including up to 10 weeks for Summer, but often have longer school days and sometimes lessons on Saturday mornings.

See School Holidays in England for the impact of school holidays on tourism and life for parents and others.

Scotland
In Scotland the academic year usually begins in the third week of August. In October, there are one or two weeks off, which is the half-way point between Summer and Christmas holidays. The Christmas holiday usually begins a few days before December 25 and ends a few days after January 5. There is up to a week off half-way through the Spring term and a two-week break for Easter. After Easter is Summer term and the 3rd half term break is the half-way point to the summer holidays. The summer holiday usually begins at the end of June for most pupils in primary 1–7 and secondary years 1–3. Years 4, 5, and 6 have a period of exam leave at the end of May or early June, but may return for the last few weeks before the summer holiday starts.

Northern Ireland
Schools in Northern Ireland have similar school holidays to those in the Republic of Ireland. Schools in Northern Ireland have shorter mid-term breaks than those in the rest of the UK and, to substitute, a longer summer holiday that includes the whole month of July and August.