Ebenezer Scrooge



Ebenezer Scrooge  is the protagonist of Charles Dickens' 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol. At the beginning of the novella, Scrooge is a cold-hearted miser who despises Christmas. Dickens describes him thus: "The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shrivelled his cheek, stiffened his gait; made his eyes red, his thin lips blue; and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice." Towards the end of the novella, Scrooge is transformed by ghosts into a better person who changed his ways to become more friendly and less miserly.

His last name has come into the English language as a byword for miserliness and misanthropy. The tale of his redemption by the three Ghosts of Christmas (Ghost of Christmas Past, Ghost of Christmas Present, and Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come) has become a defining tale of the Christmas holiday in the English-speaking world. Ebenezer Scrooge is arguably both one of the most famous characters created by Dickens and one of the most famous in English literature.

Scrooge's catchphrase, "Bah! Humbug!" is often used to express disgust with many modern Christmas traditions.

Origins
Several theories have been put forward as to where Dickens got inspiration for the character.
 * Ebenezer Scroggie, a banker from Edinburgh who won a catering contract for King George IV's visit to Scotland. He was buried in Canongate Kirkyard, with a gravestone that is now lost. The theory is that Dickens noticed the gravestone that described Scroggie as being a "meal man" (corn merchant) but misread it as "mean man". This theory has been described as "a probable Dickens hoax" for which "[n]o one could find any corroborating evidence".
 * It has been suggested that he chose the name Ebenezer ("stone (of) help") to reflect the help given to Scrooge to change his life.
 * The surname may be from the now obscure English verb scrouge, meaning "squeeze" or "press".
 * One school of thought is that Dickens based Scrooge's views on the poor on those of demographer and political economist Thomas Malthus.
 * Another is that the minor character Gabriel Grub from The Pickwick Papers was worked up into a more mature characterization (his name stemming from an infamous Dutch miser, Gabriel de Graaf).
 * Jemmy Wood, owner of the Gloucester Old Bank and possibly Britain's first millionaire, was nationally renowned for his stinginess, and may have been another.
 * The man whom Dickens eventually mentions in his letters and who strongly resembles the character portrayed by Dickens's illustrator, John Leech, was a noted British eccentric and miser named John Elwes (1714–1789).

Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens's conflicting feelings for his father, whom he both loved and demonised. This psychological conflict may be responsible for the two radically different Scrooges in the tale—one a cold, stingy and greedy semi-recluse, the other a benevolent, sociable man. Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, a professor of English literature, considers that in the opening part of the book covering young Scrooge's lonely and unhappy childhood, and his aspiration for money to avoid poverty "is something of a self-parody of Dickens's fears about himself"; the post-transformation parts of the book are how Dickens optimistically sees himself.

Scrooge could also be based on two misers: the eccentric John Elwes, MP, or Jemmy Wood, the owner of the Gloucester Old Bank who was also known as "The Gloucester Miser". According to the sociologist Frank W. Elwell, Scrooge's views on the poor are a reflection of those of the demographer and political economist Thomas Malthus, while the miser's questions "Are there no prisons? ... And the Union workhouses? ... The treadmill and the Poor Law are in full vigour, then?" are a reflection of a sarcastic question raised by the reactionary philosopher Thomas Carlyle, "Are there not treadmills, gibbets; even hospitals, poor-rates, New Poor-Law?"

There are literary precursors for Scrooge in Dickens's own works. Peter Ackroyd, Dickens's biographer, sees similarities between Scrooge and the elder Martin Chuzzlewit character, although the miser is "a more fantastic image" than the Chuzzlewit patriarch; Ackroyd observes that Chuzzlewit's transformation to a charitable figure is a parallel to that of the miser. Douglas-Fairhurst sees that the minor character Gabriel Grub from The Pickwick Papers was also an influence when creating Scrooge.

Appearance in the novel
The story of A Christmas Carol starts on Christmas Eve 1843 with Scrooge at his money-lending business. He hates Christmas as a "humbug" and subjects his clerk, Bob Cratchit, to gruelling hours and low pay of only 15 shillings on a normal week (giving him Christmas Day off with pay, begrudgingly and considering it like being pickpocketed, solely due to social custom). He shows his coldheartedness toward others by refusing to make a monetary donation for the good of the poor, claiming that the prisons and workhouses are sufficient, and if not they are better off dead, thereby "decreasing the surplus population."

While he is preparing to go to bed, he is visited by the ghost of his business partner, Jacob Marley, who had died seven years earlier (1836) on Christmas Eve. Like Scrooge, Marley had spent his life hoarding his wealth and exploiting the poor, and, as a result, is damned to walk the Earth for eternity bound in the chains of his own greed. Marley warns Scrooge that he risks meeting the same fate and that as a final chance at redemption he will be visited by three spirits of Christmas: Past, Present and Yet-to-Come.

The Ghost of Christmas Past takes Scrooge to see his time as a schoolboy and young man, during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. These visions reveal that Scrooge was a lonely child whose unloving father sent him away to a boarding school. His one solace was his beloved sister, Fan, who repeatedly begged their father to allow Scrooge to return home, and he at last relented. Fan later died after having given birth to one child, a son named Fred, Scrooge's nephew. The spirit then takes him to see another Christmas a few years later in which he enjoyed a Christmas party held by his kind-hearted and festive boss, Mr. Fezziwig. It is there that he meets his love and later fiancée, Belle. Then the spirit shows him a Christmas in which Belle leaves him, as she realizes his love for money has replaced his love for her. Finally, the spirit shows him a Christmas Eve several years later, in which Belle is happily married to another man.

Scrooge is then visited by the Ghost of Christmas Present, who shows him the whole of London celebrating Christmas, including Fred and the impoverished Cratchit family. Scrooge is both bewildered and touched by the loving and pure-hearted nature of Cratchit's youngest son, Tiny Tim. When Scrooge shows concern for the sickly boy's health, the spirit informs him that the boy will die unless something changes, a revelation that deeply disturbs Scrooge. The spirit then uses Scrooge's earlier words about "decreasing the surplus population" against him. The spirit takes him to a graveyard. There, the spirit produces two misshapen, sickly children he names Ignorance and Want. When Scrooge asks if they have anyone to care for them, the spirit throws more of Scrooge's own words back in his face: "Are there no prisons, no workhouses?"

Finally, the Ghost of Christmas Yet-to-Come/Future shows Scrooge Christmas Day one year later (1844). Just as the previous spirit predicted, Tiny Tim has died; his father could not afford to give him proper care on his small salary and there was no social health care. The spirit then shows Scrooge scenes related to the death of a "wretched man": his business associates snigger about how it is likely to be a cheap funeral and one associate will go only if lunch is provided; his possessions are stolen and sold by his housekeeper, undertaker, and laundress, and a young couple who owed the man money are relieved he is dead, as they have more time to pay off their debt. The spirit then shows Scrooge the man's unkempt tombstone, which bears Scrooge's name.

Scrooge weeps over his own grave, begging the spirit for a chance to change his ways, before awakening to find it is Christmas morning. He immediately repents and becomes a model of generosity and kindness: he meets the charity collectors from the day before and makes a generous donation; he visits Fred and accepts his earlier invitation to Christmas dinner; he anonymously sends Bob Cratchit a giant turkey and later gives him a raise, and becomes like "a second father" to Tiny Tim (providing him the medical care he needed to live). As the final narration states, "Some people laughed to see the alteration in him, but he let them laugh, and little heeded them; for he was wise enough to know that nothing ever happened on this globe, for good, at which some people did not have their fill of laughter in the outset; and knowing that such as these would be blind anyway, he thought it quite as well that they should wrinkle up their eyes in grins, as have the malady in less attractive forms. His own heart laughed: and that was quite enough for him...it was always said of him that he knew how to keep Christmas well if any man alive possessed the knowledge."

Portrayals
Scrooge has been portrayed by:


 * Tom Ricketts in A Christmas Carol, 1908
 * Marc McDermott in 1910
 * Seymour Hicks in Scrooge 1913, and again in Scrooge, 1935
 * Rupert Julian in 1916
 * Russell Thorndike in 1923
 * Bransby Williams in 1928 and 1936, 1950 on television
 * Lionel Barrymore on radio 1934–1935, 1937, 1939–1953
 * John Barrymore in 1936 on radio, for ailing brother Lionel
 * Orson Welles in 1938 on radio replacing Lionel Barrymore for one appearance only.
 * Reginald Owen in 1938
 * Claude Rains in 1940 on radio
 * Ronald Colman in 1941 on radio and again in 1949
 * John Carradine in 1947 on radio and television
 * Taylor Holmes in 1949
 * Alastair Sim in 1951, and again in 1971 (voice)
 * Fredric March in 1954
 * Basil Rathbone in 1956 and 1958
 * John McIntire in 1957
 * Stan Freberg in Green Chri$tma$, 1958.
 * Jim Backus (as Quincy Magoo) in Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol, 1962
 * Cyril Ritchard in 1964
 * Sterling Hayden as Daniel Grudge in Rod Serling's Carol for Another Christmas (1964)
 * Wilfrid Brambell in a 1966 radio musical version (adapted from his Broadway role)
 * Sid James in the Carry On Christmas Specials, 1969
 * Ron Haddrick in the animated TV film A Christmas Carol (1969) and again in the Australian animated film A Christmas Carol (1982)
 * Albert Finney in 1970
 * Marcel Marceau in 1973
 * Michael Hordern in 1977
 * Rich Little as W. C. Fields playing Scrooge in Rich Little's Christmas Carol, 1978
 * Walter Matthau (voice) in The Stingiest Man in Town, 1978
 * Henry Winkler as Benedict Slade in An American Christmas Carol, 1979
 * Hoyt Axton as Cyrus Flint in Skinflint: A Country Christmas Carol, 1979
 * Mel Blanc (as Yosemite Sam) in Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol, 1979
 * Henk Van Ulzen in  De Wonderbaarlijke Genezing Van (the Wonderfull Cure of) Ebenezer Scrooge, 1979
 * Hal Landon Jr. as Ebenezer Scrooge since 1980, more than 1,100 performances.
 * Alan Young (as Scrooge McDuck) in Mickey's Christmas Carol, 1983
 * George C. Scott in 1984
 * Mel Blanc (this time as Cosmo Spacely) in The Jetsons episode "A Jetson Christmas Carol", 1985
 * Robert Guillaume as John Grin in John Grin's Christmas, 1986
 * Oliver Muirhead as "Constable Scrooge" in A Christmas Held Captive, 1986
 * Bill Murray as Frank Cross in Scrooged, 1988
 * Buddy Hackett (as himself) played Scrooge in the film-within-a-film.
 * Rowan Atkinson as Ebenezer Blackadder in Blackadder's Christmas Carol, 1988
 * Michael Caine in The Muppet Christmas Carol, 1992
 * Jeffrey Sanzel has appeared in more than 1,000 stage performances since 1992.
 * James Earl Jones in Bah, Humbug, 1994
 * Walter Charles, Tony Randall, Terrence Mann, Hal Linden, Roddy McDowall, F. Murray Abraham, Frank Langella, Tony Roberts, Roger Daltrey, and Jim Dale in the stage version of Alan Menken's musical (1994–2003)
 * Henry Corden (as Fred Flintstone) in A Flintstones Christmas Carol, 1994
 * Susan Lucci as Elizabeth "Ebbie" Scrooge in Ebbie, 1995
 * Beavis as Beavis Scrooge, 1995
 * Cicely Tyson as Ebenita Scrooge in Ms. Scrooge, 1997
 * Tim Curry (voice) in 1997; A Christmas Carol (the Theater at Madison Square Garden 2001 play)
 * Ernest Borgnine (as Carface Carruthers) in An All Dogs Christmas Carol, 1998
 * Jack Palance in 1998
 * Patrick Stewart in 1999
 * Vanessa Williams as Ebony Scrooge in A Diva's Christmas Carol, 2000
 * Ross Kemp as Eddie Scrooge in 2000
 * Adrienne Carter as Annie Redfeather as Annie Scrooge in Adventures from the Book of Virtues: Compassion Pt. 1 & 2, 2000
 * Dean Jones in Scrooge and Marley, 2001
 * Tori Spelling as "Scroogette" Carol Cartman in A Carol Christmas, 2003
 * Phil Vischer (as Mr. Nezzer) in An Easter Carol, 2004
 * Scrooge appears as a puppet in a minor role in the 2004 film The Polar Express, in which he confronts "the boy", making him flee back into the seating area of the train.
 * Kelsey Grammer in 2004
 * Joe Alaskey (as Daffy Duck) in Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas, 2006
 * Helen Fraser as Sylvia Hollamby in Bad Girls 2006 Christmas Special
 * John Burnside in Hot Rod, 2007
 * Morwenna Banks as Eden Starling (Barbie) in Barbie in A Christmas Carol, 2008
 * Jim Carrey in 2009 (Carrey also played the three spirits haunting Scrooge).
 * Catherine Tate as Nan in Nan's Christmas Carol, 2009
 * Matthew McConaughey as Connor "Dutch" Mead in Ghosts of Girlfriends Past, 2009
 * Christina Milian as Sloane Spencer in Christmas Cupid, December 2010
 * Eric Braeden as Victor Newman in "Victor's Christmas Carol" on The Young and the Restless, December 2010
 * Michael Gambon as Kazran Sardick in "A Christmas Carol" on Doctor Who, December 2010
 * George Lopez as Grouchy Smurf in The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol, 2011
 * Emmanuelle Vaugier as Carol Huffman in the 2012 TV film It's Christmas, Carol!
 * Zach Sherwin in the 2013 Donald Trump vs. Ebenezer Scrooge Epic Rap Battles of History video.
 * Robert Powell in Neil Brand's 2014 BBC Radio 4 adaptation of A Christmas Carol.
 * Ned Dennehy in the BBC drama Dickensian, 2015
 * Jason Graae in the musical Scrooge in Love!, 2016
 * Kelly Sheridan as Starlight Glimmer (playing Snowfall Frost) in the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episode "A Hearth's Warming Tail", 2016
 * Christopher Plummer in The Man Who Invented Christmas, 2017
 * Roger L. Jackson as Mojo Jojo in The Powerpuff Girls "You're A Good Man, Mojo Jojo!", 2017
 * Seth MacFarlane as Peter Griffin in Family Guy, "Don't Be a Dickens at Christmas", 2017
 * Kate Micucci as Velma Dinkley in Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! episode "Scroogey Doo", 2017


 * Stuart Brennan in 2018
 * Guy Pearce in the BBC/FX miniseries, 2019

In popular culture
The name "Scrooge" is used in English as a word for a person who is miserly and tight-fisted.

The character is most often noted for exclaiming "Bah! Humbug!" despite uttering this phrase only twice in the story. He uses the word "Humbug" on its own on seven occasions, although on the seventh we are told he "stopped at the first syllable" after realizing Marley's ghost is real. The word is never used again after that in the book.

A species of snail is named Ba humbugi after Scrooge's catchphrase.